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ice
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iceberg ice cubes snowflake on a wool coat
Which has a lower freezing point, salt water or fresh water?
How do snowflakes form?
melting ice cubes Figure 7: Thin section photographs illustrating snow-to-ice transformation at the depths of (left) 1 metre,
Are all snowflakes actually unique?
How do fish survive under icy lakes in winter?
How did people keep food cold before refrigerators?
For Students
ice summary
Quizzes
water glass on white background. (drink; clear; clean water; liquid)
Water and its Varying Forms
Iceland, Glacier lagoon (Jokulsarlon)
Winter Weather Words Quiz
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Glacier off coast of Argentina, South America. (glacial; snow; ice; blue ice; melting glacier)
What’s the Difference Between a Glacier and an Ice Floe?
Iceberg, Arctic (polar, environment, global warming)
Why Does Water Freeze from the Top Down?
winter ice melting salt on the ground, pattern as background
Why Does Salt Melt Ice?
Discover
Alcoholic beverages bottles at Host 2013, international exhibition of the hospitality industry on OCTOBER 18, 2013 in Milan.
Why Is Alcohol Measured by Proof?
Demystified - Do Lemmings Really Commit Mass Suicide? illustration
Do Lemmings Really Commit Mass Suicide?
United States elections portal page linking to each election interactive
A History of U.S. Presidential Elections in Maps
Ruminant. Deer. Red deer. Cervus elaphus. Buck. Stag. Antlers.
9 of the World’s Deadliest Mammals
Andrew Jackson delivering a speech while on his way to Washington, D.C., for his inauguration in 1829. From Harper's Weekly, 1881.
5 Remarkably Close U.S. Presidential Elections
World Data Locator Map: Australia
Is Australia an Island?
A tornado in rural Iowa sweeps dangerously near a farm. Weather storm
Why Does the United States Have More Tornadoes than Any Other Country?
iceberg
iceberg An iceberg in the waters off Greenland.

ice

solid water
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Written by
George D. Ashton
Chief, Research Division, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Hanover, New Hampshire. Author of River Ice and others.
George D. Ashton,
Mark F. Meier
Professor of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder; former Director, Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research.
Mark F. Meier•All
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Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors.
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Last Updated: • Article History
Key People:
Sir John Leslie

News •

ICE planning to ramp up arrests in major U.S. cities after Trump takes office, sources say • Jan. 18, 2025, 12:55 AM ET (CBS)
Powerful winter storm that dumped snow in US South maintains its icy grip • Jan. 11, 2025, 5:17 PM ET (AP)
Polar vortex keeps much of the US in its icy grip • Jan. 6, 2025, 7:40 PM ET (AP)

ice, solid substance produced by the freezing of water vapour or liquid water. At temperatures below 0 °C (32 °F), water vapour develops into frost at ground level and snowflakes (each of which consists of a single ice crystal) in clouds. Below the same temperature, liquid water forms a solid, as, for example, river ice, sea ice, hail, and ice produced commercially or in household refrigerators. Ice occurs on Earth’s continents and surface waters in a variety of forms. Most notable are the continental glaciers (ice sheets) that cover much of Antarctica and Greenland. Smaller masses of perennial ice called ...(100 of 1630 words)

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