Russia’s visually confirmed losses as of early 2024 totaled more than 8,000 armored vehicles, including some 2,700 tanks. At that time, Western intelligence officials estimated that the war in Ukraine had set back Russia’s attempts at military modernization by nearly two decades. Western intelligence officials also estimated that, by early 2024, Russian military casualties had reached 320,000 killed and wounded, which was nearly 90 percent of Russia’s total mobilized force prior to the war. Loss estimates made by Russian officials were much lower.